If you have read the phrase "4-way stretch" anywhere, you might find the meaning easy enough to guess, but there's definitely more to it.
There are actually one-way, two-way and four-way stretch fabrics.
To understand the differences, you would need to know that the deciding factors are a fabric's 1) stretchability and 2) recovery.
One-way stretch means a fabric will stretch side to side but will not recover. Interlock knits and jersey without Lycra are good examples.
Two-way stretch means a fabric stretches side to side but recovers. Hence the "two" part - stretch and recover. Jersey knits with Lycra are an example.
Four-way (or 4-way) stretch means a fabric stretches and recovers both width and lengthwise. Fabrics using or that are nylon/Lycra and polyester/lycra are an example of four-way stretch fabric.
"A small proportion of elastane introduces just the right amount of springiness and resilience to a rigid fabric, and flexibility to a garment." - from Mode & Tissus: High-Tech Fabrics and Fashion
Fabric that are 4-way stretch provides freedom of movement to its wearer.
People who are wearing 4-way stretch fabrics are capable of small active movements such as jumping, running, and biking
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